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Lacto vegetarianism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lacto-vegetarians consume dairy products, but not eggs or meat.
Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (view template)
Plants Dairy Eggs Seafood Poultry All other animals
Vegetarianism Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Yes Yes Yes No No No
Lacto vegetarianism Yes Yes No No No No
Ovo vegetarianism Yes No Yes No No No
Veganism Yes No No No No No
Semi-vegetarianism Flexitarianism Yes Yes Yes Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes
Pollotarianism Yes Maybe Maybe Maybe Yes No
Pescetarianism Yes Maybe Maybe Yes No No

A lacto-vegetarian (sometimes referred to as a lactarian; from the Latin root lact-, milk) diet is a diet that abstains from the consumption of meat as well as eggs, while still consuming dairy products such as milk, cheese (without animal rennet i.e., from microbial sources), yogurt, butter, ghee, cream, and kefir,[1] as well as honey.

History

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The concept and practice of lacto-vegetarianism among a significant number of people comes from ancient India.[2]

An early advocate of lacto-vegetarianism was the Scottish physician George Cheyne who promoted a milk and vegetable-based diet to treat obesity and other health problems in the early 18th century.[3][4]

During the 19th century, the diet became associated with naturopathy. German naturopaths Heinrich Lahmann and Theodor Hahn promoted lacto-vegetarian diets of raw vegetables, whole wheat bread, and dairy products such as milk.[5][6][7]

In the 20th century, lacto-vegetarianism was promoted by the American biochemist Elmer McCollum and the Danish physician and nutritionist Mikkel Hindhede.[7][8] In 1918, McCollum commented that "lacto-vegetarianism should not be confused with strict vegetarianism. The former is, when the diet is properly planned, the most highly satisfactory plan which can be adopted in the nutrition of man."[9]

Hindhede became a food advisor to the Danish government during World War I and was influential in introducing a lacto-vegetarian diet to the public.[7][8][10] The system of rationing restricted meat and alcohol so the Danish population were mostly living on a diet of milk and vegetables.[10] During the years of food restriction from 1917 to 1918, both mortality and morbidity decreased;[10] the mortality rate dropped by 34%, the lowest death rate ever reported for Denmark.[8] Hindhede's dieting ideas expressed in his scientific publications, along with those written by other Scandinavian scientists, were translated in German and well received amongst the right-wing political spectrum in post-war Germany.[10] Subsequently, lacto-vegetarianism was strongly supported by German life reformers (Lebensreform) and became influential on some of the leading exponents of the National Socialist movement.[10]

The uric-acid free diet of Alexander Haig was lacto-vegetarian. On this diet only cheese, milk, nuts, certain vegetables, and white bread could be eaten.[11][12][13]

Mahatma Gandhi was a notable lacto-vegetarian, who drank milk daily.[14] In 1931, Gandhi commented that:

I know we must all err. I would give up milk if I could, but I cannot. I have made that experiment times without number. I could not, after a serious illness, regain my strength, unless I went back to milk. That has been the tragedy of my life.[14][15]

In 1936, Narasinh Narayan Godbole authored Milk: The Most Perfect Food, a book defending lacto-vegetarianism and promoting the consumption of dairy products in opposition to meat.[16][17]

Rennet

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Historically most commercial cheese was made with calf rennet, making this an issue for lacto-vegetarians. Fig and thistle rennet were used in ancient times but such plant-based rennets were not suitable for the manufacture of long-ripened cheese varieties so calf rennet became the standard until there was a shortage of supply.[18]

John Smith in his book The Principles and Practice of Vegetarian Cookery in 1860 wrote about a "vegetable rennet" made from the flowers of Galium verum.[19] In 1898, W. A. Macdonald in The Vegetarian magazine commented that fig and thistle rennet had been successful in experiment but only calf rennet had commercial significance.[20] In India in the late 19th-century, the berries from Withania coagulans were used as a vegetarian rennet and sold in powdered capsules.[21][22][23]

Most commercial cheese in the United States is currently made using chymosin. Some vegetarians consider this an acceptable alternative, whilst others do not as the gene used to make microbial chymosin originated from calves.[24]

Religion

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See also: Ahimsa, Ethical vegetarian, and Environmental vegetarianism

Lacto-vegetarian diets are popular with certain followers of the Eastern religious traditions such as Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. The core of their beliefs behind a lacto-vegetarian diet is the law of ahimsa, or non-violence.[citation needed]

Hinduism

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According to the Vedas (Hindu holy scriptures), all living beings are equally valued.[25][26] Hindus believe that vegetarianism is vital for spiritual progress.[27] It takes many more vegetables or plants to produce an equal amount of meat,[28] many more lives are destroyed, and in this way more suffering is caused when meat is consumed.[29] Although some suffering and pain is inevitably caused to other living beings to satisfy the human need for food, according to ahimsa, every effort should be made to minimize suffering.[29] This is to avoid karmic consequences and show respect for living things, because all living beings are equally valued in these traditions,[26] a vegetarian diet rooted in ahimsa is only one aspect of environmentally conscious living, relating to those beings affected by our need for food.[29] However, this does not apply to all Hindus; some do consume meat, though usually not any form of beef.

In India, lacto vegetarian is considered synonymous to vegetarian, while eggs are considered a meat product.[30] However, in other parts of the world, vegetarianism generally refers to ovo lacto vegetarianism instead, allowing eggs into the diet.[31]

Many Hindu wrestlers are strict lacto-vegetarians and follow a Sattvic diet. A large part of their diet is milk, ghee, almonds and chickpeas.[32]

Jainism

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In the case of Jainism, the vegetarian standard is strict. It allows the consumption of only fruit and leaves that can be taken from plants without causing their death. This further excludes from the diet root vegetables like carrots, potatoes, onions, garlic, radish, turnips, turmeric, etc since uprooting plants is considered as bad karma in Jainism.[33] Jains also do not consume honey since it is considered as stealing food and also because honey collecting destroys bee hives and bee eggs and bee larvae inside it.[34]

Sikhism

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The Namdharis, a Sikh sect follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet and have quoted verses from the Guru Granth Sahib endorsing vegetarianism, they also advocate for cow protection.[35][36][37] The Damdami Taksal also cite the Guru Granth Sahib and advocate a strict lacto-vegetarian diet.[38][39] Eating meat is not allowed in any form including eggs, fish and gelatine.[39]

Lacto-vegetarians and vegans

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The primary difference between a vegan and a lacto-vegetarian diet is the avoidance of dairy products. Vegans do not consume dairy products, believing that their production causes the animal suffering or a premature death,[40] or otherwise abridges animal rights.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Becoming a vegetarian". Harvard Health. Oct 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 18 Nov 2017.
  2. ^ Spencer, Colin: The Heretic's Feast. A History of Vegetarianism, London: Fourth Estate 1993, p. 69–84. ISBN 1-85702-078-2.
  3. ^ Kiple, Kenneth F; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè. (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 1556. ISBN 0-521-40215-8
  4. ^ Beatty, Heather R. (2012). Nervous Disease in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: The Reality of a Fashionable Disorder. Routledge. pp. 103-104. ISBN 978-1-84893-308-8
  5. ^ Bergdolt, Klaus. (2008). Wellbeing: A Cultural History of Healthy Living. Polity Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-07456-2913-1
  6. ^ Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret. (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9
  7. ^ a b c Treitel, Corinna. (2017). Eating Nature in Modern Germany: Food, Agriculture and Environment, c.1870 to 2000. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77-81. ISBN 978-1-107-18802-0
  8. ^ a b c Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. pp. 138-140. ISBN 0-275-97519-3
  9. ^ McCollum, Elmer Verner (1918). The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition. Macmillan Company. p. 52.
  10. ^ a b c d e Briesen, Detlef (2017). "What is a healthy diet? Some ideas about the construction of healthy food in Germany since the nineteenth century". In Sebastia, Brigitte (ed.). Eating Traditional Food: Politics, Identity and Practices. Routledge Studies in Food, Society and The Environment. London: Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-138-18700-9. LCCN 2016021306.
  11. ^ "Reviewed Work: Uric Acid As A Factor In The Causation Of Disease by Alexander Haig". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2483): 263. 1908.
  12. ^ Whorton, James C. (1981). "Muscular Vegetarianism: The Debate Over Diet and Athletic Performance in the Progressive Era". Journal of Sport History. 8 (2): 58–75. PMID 11614819.
  13. ^ Barnett, L. Margaret. (1995). Every Man His Own Physician: Dietetic Fads, 1890-1914. In Harmke Kamminga, Andrew Cunningham. The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940. p. 165. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-818-2
  14. ^ a b Phelps, Norm. (2007). The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA. Lantern Books. pp. 165-166. ISBN 978-1-59056-106-5
  15. ^ "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism". Speech delivered by Gandhi at a Social Meeting organised by the London Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931.
  16. ^ "Reviewed Work: Milk, The Most Perfect Food by N. N. Godbole, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya". Current Science. 5 (11): 600–601. 1937. JSTOR 24204292.
  17. ^ A. C. D. (1938). "Milk the Most Perfect Food. N. N. Godbole, Benares Hindu Univ., Dipawali, India, 1936". Journal of Dairy Science. 21 (9): 242.
  18. ^ Fox, Patrick F; McSweeney, Paul L. H; Cogan, Timothy M; Guinee, Timothy P. (2004). Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, Third Edition, Volume 1: General Aspects. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-1226-3652-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ John, Smith (1860). The Principles and Practice of Vegetarian Cookery. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. p. 26.
  20. ^ "Is Cheese a Vegetarian Food?". The Vegetarian. 3 (7): 106–110. 1898.
  21. ^ "Vegetarian Cheese Rennet". The Examiner. July 28, 1883. p. 2. (subscription required)
  22. ^ "Vegetarian Cheese". The Edinburgh Evening News. August 2, 1883. p. 4. (subscription required)
  23. ^ Kothavalla, Z. R; Khubchandani, P. G. (1940). "Withania Coagulans as a Vegetable Rennet". Indian Journal of Veterinary Science. 10 (3): 284–288.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Yacoubou, Jeanne (2012). "Microbial Rennets and Fermentation Produced Chymosin (FPC): How Vegetarian Are They?". The Vegetarian Resource Group. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024.
  25. ^ Bhagavad Gita 5.18 Archived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine "The humble sages, by virtue of true knowledge, see with equal vision a learned and gentle brahmana, a cow, an elephant, a dog and a dog-eater [outcaste]."
  26. ^ a b "Animals in Hinduism, second paragraph". Hinduwebsite.com. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  27. ^ Filippini, Massimo; Srinivasan, Suchita (2019-10-01). "Impact of religious participation, social interactions and globalization on meat consumption: Evidence from India". Energy Economics. Eighth Atlantic Workshop on Energy and Environmental Economics. 84: 104550. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104550. ISSN 0140-9883. S2CID 211301067.
  28. ^ "U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat". News.cornell.edu. 1997-08-07. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  29. ^ a b c Gabriel Cousens, Spiritual Nutrition: Six Foundations for Spiritual Life and the Awakening of Kundalini, North Athlantic Books, page 251
  30. ^ "Eggs off menu at schools in Hindu row". thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  31. ^ Mariotti, François; Gardner, Christopher D. (2019). "Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review". Nutrients. 11 (11): 2661. doi:10.3390/nu11112661. PMC 6893534. PMID 31690027.
  32. ^ Alter, Joseph S. (1992). "The Discipline of the Wrestler's Body". In The Wrestler's Body Identity and Ideology in North India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520076976
  33. ^ Natubhai Shah (2004). Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 249–251. ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2.
  34. ^ "VEGETARIAN-FOOD AND JAIN-CONDUCT, Honey".
  35. ^ Clarke, Peter B. (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Taylor & Francis. pp. 425-426. ISBN 978-1134499700
  36. ^ "Vegetarianism". namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  37. ^ "A Namdhari Sikh's Testimony". ivu.org. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  38. ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2015). "The Fools Argue about Flesh and Meat': Sikhs and Vegetarianism". Religions of South Asia. 9 (1): 81–101. doi:10.1558/rosa.v9i1.22123.
  39. ^ a b "The Fools Argue about Flesh and Meat’: Sikhs and Vegetarianism". damdamitaksal.com. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  40. ^ Erik Marcus (2000). Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating. McBooks Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781590133446.
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